Japanese Climbing Fern, Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. : A Potential Invasive and Ecological Threat

Abstract

The Japanese climbing fern Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. has manifested its invasive tendencies, not just in countries outside of its native origin, but also in some areas of its original distribution. The proliferation of such species resulted in economic instability and ecological damage which alarms ecologists, environmentalists and area managers. Thus, it is important to understand the mode of introduction and proliferation of such species to be able to prepare and formulate specific and effective guidelines in managing future invasion of such species. This paper discussed the contribution of trading, importation and transport of wildlife in the introduction of and spread of L. japonicum. The reproductive biology of the Japanese climbing fern has been reviewed to highlight the role of vegetative reproduction and spores in the immense proliferation of this species, and the challenges it imposes in the control and regulation of its spread. Containment and isolation of the invasive species is still considered as the best preventive method to avoid the invasion of L. japonicum, but in the occurrence of infestation, available research-based control methods must be applied. Existing control methods were included in this review with the addition of general considerations regarding the application of each method. Management plans are recommended to be formulated specific for L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. and applied in a long-term approach to achieve and ensure effective and sustainable practices and strategies in regulating invasion.